西藏罗布真浅成低温热液型矿床地质特征及金银赋存状态

1.西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队,西藏 拉萨 850003

2.中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083

3.自然资源部矿产资源储量评审中心,北京 100035

作者简介 About authors

罗布真浅成低温热液型金银矿床位于冈底斯成矿带西段,金资源量约为8 t,矿体分布在英安岩与花岗闪长岩接触的强硅化蚀变带。该矿床成矿作用可划分为3个阶段:石英—黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英—多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)和石英—碳酸盐脉阶段(Ⅲ)。通过毒砂温度计相图估算出Ⅰ阶段和Ⅱ阶段的形成温度为(366±4)℃和(263.5±80.5)℃。电子探针分析结果表明:罗布真矿床银主要以可见银赋存于碲银矿中或以不可见银赋存于含银黝铜矿中,少量分布于闪锌矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿中,其中在含银黝铜矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿中以类质同象形式存在,在方铅矿中主要以超显微包体银存在;金主要以不可见金形式赋存于微粒(<50 μm)黄铁矿中,其中Ⅰ阶段金主要以固溶体金或晶格金形式赋存,Ⅱ阶段金主要以纳米级微颗粒金形式赋存。罗布真Au和Ag元素的富集和活化受硫逸度、温度和pH值等多种因素的影响,硫化作用是金银沉淀的主要机制。

关键词:赋存状态;矿物温度计;浅成低温热液矿床;罗布真;冈底斯西段;西藏

Keywords:occurrence state;mineral thermometer;epithermal deposit;Luobuzhen;western section of Gangdese;Xizang

本文引用格式

由于以往勘查程度不足以及研究资料有限,前人对罗布真矿床的认识仍存在一定的局限性,尤其对于其矿石中Au、Ag元素的富集规律和赋存状态研究还十分薄弱。鉴于此,本文在系统总结前人成果的基础上,剖析了罗布真矿床的地质特征,开展了精细的矿相学和岩相学研究,划分了成矿期次和阶段,并基于电子探针成分分析和扫描电子显微镜能谱成像(EDS),研究了矿石中金、银的赋存状态,探讨了这2种元素的沉淀机制,以期完善冈底斯西段陆相火山岩区金银多金属成矿作用研究,为罗布真后续找矿勘查及选矿工艺优化提供参考。

BNSZ-班公湖—怒江缝合带;SNMZ-狮泉河—永珠—嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带;GLZCF-噶尔—隆格尔—扎日南木错—错麦断裂带;LMF-洛巴堆—米拉山断裂;IYZSZ-雅鲁藏布江缝合带;1.晚三叠世—侏罗纪花岗岩类;2.侏罗系火山岩;3.下侏罗—早白垩统火山岩;4.早白垩世花岗岩类;5.晚白垩世花岗岩类;6.古新—始新统陆相火山岩;7.古新—始新世花岗岩类;8.渐新—中新统火山岩;9.渐新—中新世斑状侵入岩;10.蛇绿岩带;11.斑岩型铜金矿床;12.斑岩型铜钼矿床;13.斑岩型钼—铜(—钨)矿床;14.浅成低温热液型金—银—铅—锌矿床

1.始新统帕那组;2.始新世花岗闪长岩;3.中新世斑状二长花岗岩;4.破碎带;5.金银矿体及编号

图3罗布真矿床硫化物手标本和显微镜下特征

(a)手标本黄铁矿不可见;(b)显微镜下黄铁矿颗粒;(c)微细粒黄铁矿;(d)中—细粒黄铁矿与方铅矿、闪锌矿共生;(e)团块状黄铁矿;(f)方铅矿与闪锌矿、黄铁矿共生;(g)石英—黄铁矿—方铅矿—闪锌矿脉;(h)较小颗粒的黄铜矿与闪锌矿共生;(i)方铅矿与黄铁矿共生;(j)中—细粒自形—半自形毒砂;(k)黄铜矿与黝铜矿共生;(l)黄铜矿细脉

Fig.3Hand specimens and microscopic characteristics of sulphide in Luobuzhen deposit

图4罗布真矿床含银矿物背散射照片

(a)碲银矿被黄铁矿包裹;(b)碲银矿与方铅矿共生;(c)黝铜矿与黄铜矿、方铅矿共生;(d)闪锌矿与方铅矿、黄铁矿共生;(e)闪锌矿与方铅矿共生;(f)自形—半自形黄铁矿

Fig.4BSE photos of silver-bearing minerals in Luobuzhen deposit

图5罗布真矿床蚀变特征

(a)全岩硅化蚀变;(b)石英斑晶硅化蚀变;(c)多孔状石英;(d)石英—硫化物网脉;(e)长石斑岩的黏土化;(f)针状、鳞片状绢云母化;(g)团块状绿泥石、绿帘石化;(h)裂隙面黄铁矿—方解石化;(i)无矿方解石脉

Fig.5Alteration characteristics of Luobuzhen deposit

图6罗布真矿床矿物生成顺序

Fig.6Sequence of minerals in the Luobuzhen deposit

表1罗布真矿床Ag、Au元素在各矿物中的分布

Table 1  Distribution of Ag and Au elements in various minerals in Luobuzhen deposit

图7罗布真矿床含金黄铁矿微观特征

(a)自形—半自形含金黄铁矿;(b)半自形—他形含金黄铁矿;(c)自形含金黄铁矿;(d)含金黄铁矿集合体

Fig.7Microscopic characteristics of gold-bearing pyrite in Luobuzhen deposit

表2罗布真矿床各矿物含银量对比

Table 2  Comparison of silver content of each minerals in Luobuzhen deposit

(1)银的赋存状态

图8罗布真矿床含银矿物中与Ag元素相关的各元素波谱面扫描图像

(a)、(b)碲银矿中的Ag和Te分布图;(c)方铅矿中呈超显微包体银状态的Ag元素分布图;(d)~(f)含银黝铜矿中的Ag、Cu和Sb元素分布图

Fig.8Spectral plane scanning images of Ag-related elements in silver-bearing minerals of Luobuzhen deposit

表3罗布真各矿物含金量对比

Table 3  Comparison of gold content of various minerals

表4罗布真矿床黄铁矿不同粒度含矿性统计

Table 4  Statistics of ore-bearing properties of pyrite with different particle sizes in Luobuzhen deposit

图9罗布真矿床黄铁矿不同粒度含矿性统计

Fig.9Statistics of ore-bearing properties of pyrite with different particle sizes in Luobuzhen deposit

图10罗布真矿床含金黄铁矿中与Au相关的各元素波谱面扫描图像

(a)黄铁矿中Au元素含量分布;(b)黄铁矿中S元素含量分布;(c)黄铁矿中Pb元素含量分布;(d)黄铁矿中Fe元素含量分布注:图中橙色实线为金矿床金的溶解度曲线

Fig.10Spectral plane scanning images of Au-related elements in gold-bearing pyrite of Luobuzhen deposit

图11毒砂稳定区域As含量原子百分数与温度关系图解

Py-黄铁矿;Apy-毒砂;Po-磁黄铁矿;Lo-斜方砷铁矿

Fig.11Diagram of relationship between atom percentage of As content and temperature in arsenopyrite stable region

图12罗布真矿床硫化物电子探针(EPMA)主微量元素图解

Fig.12Major and trace elements diagram of sulfide electron probe micro-analyzer(EPMA) in Luobuzhen deposit

(1)罗布真浅成低温热液型矿床发育硅化、绢云母化、黏土化和青磐岩化蚀变,矿体主要分布在英安岩与花岗闪长岩接触部位的强硅化蚀变带中。其成矿作用可划分为3个阶段:Ⅰ阶段为石英—黄铁矿阶段;Ⅱ阶段为石英—多金属硫化物阶段;Ⅲ阶段为石英—碳酸盐脉阶段。其中,Ⅱ阶段为成矿主阶段。通过毒砂温度计相图估算出Ⅰ阶段和Ⅱ阶段的形成温度为(366 ±4)℃和(263.5±80.5)℃。

(2)罗布真矿床中银主要以可见银赋存于碲银矿中,或以不可见银赋存于含银黝铜矿中,少量赋存在闪锌矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿中。其中,银在含银黝铜矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿中以类质同象形式存在,在方铅矿中主要以超显微包体银存在;金主要以不可见金形式赋存于微粒(<50 μm)黄铁矿中,其中Ⅰ阶段金主要以固溶体金或晶格金赋存,Ⅱ阶段金主要以纳米级微颗粒金形式赋存。

(3)罗布真矿床金属元素的活化迁移和富集受流体系统温度、pH值和硫逸度等多种因素的影响,硫化作用是金银沉淀的主要机制。

Gold and arsenic in iron sulfides from sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits:Implications for depositional processes

Characteristics and epithermal gold deposits

Chemical speciation of Ag in galena by EPR spectroscopy

The coupled geochemistry of Au and As in pyrite from hydrothermal ore deposits

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Exploration for Epithermal Gold Deposits

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Gangdise porphyry copper metallogenic belt:The possible second “Yulong” copper belt

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Metallogenic process in Xishanwanyangchang silver polymetallic deposit,Inner Mongolia China:Constraints from occurrence of silver

Arsenopyrite composition alvariation over variable temperatures of mineralization,Otago Schist,New Zealand

Phase relations involving arsenopyritein the system Fe-As-S and their application

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Contribution of syncollisional felsic magmatism to continental crust growth:A case study of the Paleogene Linzizong volcanic succession in southern Tibet

Response of volcanism to the India-Asia collision

On the timing of India-Asia continental collision

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Spatial-temporal framework of the Gangdese Orogenie Belt and its evolution

Structural setting of the Narusongduo Pb-Zn ore deposit in the Gangdese belt,central Tibet

Looking forward to the prospects of porphyry copper deposits in Tibet

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A thermodynamic study on paragenesis and separation of silver,lead and zinc in hydrothermal solutions

The distribution of Ag and Sb in galena:Inclusions versus solid solution

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Geological Characteristics of Epithermal Precious and Base Metal Deposits

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The first discovery of the low sulfidation epithermal deposit in Linzizong volcanics,Tibet:A case study of the Sinongduo Ag polymetallic deposit

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Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen

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Zircon U-Pb age,geochemical characteristics and significance of the Linzizong Group volcanic rocks in the Luobuzhen orefield,Tibet,China

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Metallogenesis and the minerogenetic series in the Gangdese polymetallic copper belt

The Ae-Sn-Cu polymetallic minerogenetic series and prospecting direction in the western Gangdese belt,Tibet

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冈底斯西段罗布真浅成低温热液型金银矿的成矿流体演化:来自流体包裹体、H-O 同位素的证据

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拉萨地体的起源和古生代构造演化

BNSZ-班公湖—怒江缝合带;SNMZ-狮泉河—永珠—嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带;GLZCF-噶尔—隆格尔—扎日南木错—错麦断裂带;LMF-洛巴堆—米拉山断裂;IYZSZ-雅鲁藏布江缝合带;1.晚三叠世—侏罗纪花岗岩类;2.侏罗系火山岩;3.下侏罗—早白垩统火山岩;4.早白垩世花岗岩类;5.晚白垩世花岗岩类;6.古新—始新统陆相火山岩;7.古新—始新世花岗岩类;8.渐新—中新统火山岩;9.渐新—中新世斑状侵入岩;10.蛇绿岩带;11.斑岩型铜金矿床;12.斑岩型铜钼矿床;13.斑岩型钼—铜(—钨)矿床;14.浅成低温热液型金—银—铅—锌矿床 ...

相比于冈底斯东段,冈底斯西段表现为更大面积、更厚的陆相火山岩覆盖(图1),特别是谢通门—昂仁以西林子宗群火山岩大量出露且剥蚀较浅,其地质工作和研究程度显著低于冈底斯东段.近年来,在中国地质调查局和西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局的大力支持下,研究人员在冈底斯成矿带西段朱诺矿集区发现和评价了多个矿床(点),包括朱诺、北姆朗、罗布真、次玛班硕、无巴多来和懂师布等,表明该区具有巨大的铜多金属找矿潜力(图1)(赵亚云等,2019;郑有业等,2021a;Liu et al.,2022).朱诺矿集区位于冈底斯陆缘火山—岩浆弧西段达多盆地,区内化探异常和火山—岩浆作用强烈,呈NE-SW向展布,发育古近系林子宗群陆相火山岩、始新世—中新世花岗质侵入岩,成矿条件优越(吴松,2016).林子宗群火山岩在矿集区内分布广泛,为一套以中酸性熔岩和火山碎屑为主的火山沉积组合,自下而上为典中组、年波组和帕那组,其成岩时代分别为~65 Ma、57~60 Ma和45~50 Ma,走向为NW-SE向,与其他地层呈角度不整合接触.区内发育斑岩型、矽卡岩型、浅成低温热液型和热液脉型4种成矿作用类型和5期成矿事件.其中,5期成矿事件分别为铜铅锌成矿作用(~68 Ma,以唐格为代表)、金银成矿作用(46~48 Ma,以罗布真为代表)和3次铜钼成矿作用(~26 Ma,以懂师布为代表;16~17 Ma,以次玛班硕为代表;~13 Ma,以朱诺—北姆朗矿床为代表)(赵亚云等,2019;Huang et al.,2019;Sun et al.,2021;李家桢等,2022;Liu et al.,2022;黄倩等,2024). ...

罗布真矿区发育有3条具逆冲性质的走滑断裂破碎带,控制了3条金银多金属矿化带的产出,矿化带由南至北依次编号为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ(图2).破碎带主要由构造角砾岩、蚀变英安岩和透镜状石英脉等组成,矿化发育在透镜状石英脉内以及岩石破裂面.罗布真矿(化)体产状近EW向,具有膨大夹缩现象,其金品位为1.2×10-6~4.3×10-6,共(伴)生银品位为9.1×10-6~177.5×10-6(黄瀚霄等,2019;刘洪等,2020). ...

BNSZ-班公湖—怒江缝合带;SNMZ-狮泉河—永珠—嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带;GLZCF-噶尔—隆格尔—扎日南木错—错麦断裂带;LMF-洛巴堆—米拉山断裂;IYZSZ-雅鲁藏布江缝合带;1.晚三叠世—侏罗纪花岗岩类;2.侏罗系火山岩;3.下侏罗—早白垩统火山岩;4.早白垩世花岗岩类;5.晚白垩世花岗岩类;6.古新—始新统陆相火山岩;7.古新—始新世花岗岩类;8.渐新—中新统火山岩;9.渐新—中新世斑状侵入岩;10.蛇绿岩带;11.斑岩型铜金矿床;12.斑岩型铜钼矿床;13.斑岩型钼—铜(—钨)矿床;14.浅成低温热液型金—银—铅—锌矿床 ...

相比于冈底斯东段,冈底斯西段表现为更大面积、更厚的陆相火山岩覆盖(图1),特别是谢通门—昂仁以西林子宗群火山岩大量出露且剥蚀较浅,其地质工作和研究程度显著低于冈底斯东段.近年来,在中国地质调查局和西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局的大力支持下,研究人员在冈底斯成矿带西段朱诺矿集区发现和评价了多个矿床(点),包括朱诺、北姆朗、罗布真、次玛班硕、无巴多来和懂师布等,表明该区具有巨大的铜多金属找矿潜力(图1)(赵亚云等,2019;郑有业等,2021a;Liu et al.,2022).朱诺矿集区位于冈底斯陆缘火山—岩浆弧西段达多盆地,区内化探异常和火山—岩浆作用强烈,呈NE-SW向展布,发育古近系林子宗群陆相火山岩、始新世—中新世花岗质侵入岩,成矿条件优越(吴松,2016).林子宗群火山岩在矿集区内分布广泛,为一套以中酸性熔岩和火山碎屑为主的火山沉积组合,自下而上为典中组、年波组和帕那组,其成岩时代分别为~65 Ma、57~60 Ma和45~50 Ma,走向为NW-SE向,与其他地层呈角度不整合接触.区内发育斑岩型、矽卡岩型、浅成低温热液型和热液脉型4种成矿作用类型和5期成矿事件.其中,5期成矿事件分别为铜铅锌成矿作用(~68 Ma,以唐格为代表)、金银成矿作用(46~48 Ma,以罗布真为代表)和3次铜钼成矿作用(~26 Ma,以懂师布为代表;16~17 Ma,以次玛班硕为代表;~13 Ma,以朱诺—北姆朗矿床为代表)(赵亚云等,2019;Huang et al.,2019;Sun et al.,2021;李家桢等,2022;Liu et al.,2022;黄倩等,2024). ...

1.始新统帕那组;2.始新世花岗闪长岩;3.中新世斑状二长花岗岩;4.破碎带;5.金银矿体及编号 ...

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0.大连理工大学主页平台管理系统MartinKeepMoving主要从事岩土工程稳定性分析及岩石破坏过程数值试验研究方面的工作。研究领域涉及微震监测和分析、岩爆、岩层移动、矿震等。作为项目负责人承担了国家自然科学基金青年项目1项、一般面上基金项目2项;作为主要学术骨干参与973项目(No.2014CB047100);另外参与其他学校牵头的973项目2项(No.2011CB013503,No. 2007CB209404)jvzquC41hcivn}~0fn{u0niw0et0vrfpjwonc8jp1kteg3jvo
1.静态和动态载荷作用下岩石劈裂破坏模式的数值模拟期刊摘要:简单介绍了岩石破裂过程分析程序模拟岩石在动载荷作用下破裂过程的原理和功能,并用该程序研究岩石试样在静态和动态载荷作用下的劈裂破坏过程.数值模拟再现了岩石在静态和动态应力作用下破裂模式的差异,给出了在不同冲击应力波幅值条件下岩石试样的3种典型的破裂模式.数值模拟表明,在动态加载时,应力波幅值较低时试jvzquC41f0}bpofpifguc7hqo0io1yjtkqjjejq1{ury{phzd461796223
2.如何粉碎岩石机械设备通过对岩石施加压力或冲击来破碎岩石。这包括: 颚式破碎机:利用两个对称的颚来挤压和破碎岩石。 圆锥破碎机:通过圆锥形破碎头和破碎壁挤压和破碎岩石。 冲击式破碎机:利用高速转子对岩石施加冲击力,将其破碎成更小的颗粒。 爆破 使用炸药或爆破剂在岩石内产生爆炸,导致岩石破裂和粉碎。爆破通常用于大型采矿或土木工程项目。 化学碎片 使用jvzquC41cksjzpwqwr4dqv4|j/IO1|yqpg3dt~xjgt3qnjsvu1xpet4jqy3uq6htwun0