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三维地质建模技术的最新进展和发展趋势
中国地质大学（武汉） 计算机学院
中国地质大学（武汉） 智能地学信息处理湖北省重点实验室
中国地质大学（武汉） 自然资源信息管理与数字孪生工程软件教育部工程研究中心，武汉 430078；
贵州省战略矿产智慧勘查重点实验室，贵阳 550081
中图分类号: TP31；P628
China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) School of Computer Science
China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geo-Information Processing
China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Engineering Research Center of Natural Resource Information Management and Digital Twin Engineering Software, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China；
Guizhou Key Laboratory for Strategic Mineral Intelligent Exploration, Guiyang 550081, China
三维地质建模是一种综合运用计算机技术、空间信息理论、科学可视化、数理统计等前沿技术方法，对地质现象及过程进行三维数字化描述、表征和重建的技术。其目的是为地球科学家及地质工作者提供一个集科学研究、辅助设计和决策支持为一体的可视化平台，以便更加深入地理解和利用隐藏在地质现象和过程背后的本质涵义和规律。基于野外地质数据构建研究区域的三维地质模型已经成为涉及基础地质调查、自然资源勘查开发、地质灾害预测评价等地质研究及调查工作的必备任务。深入探讨了三维地质建模的研究对象、数据源、空间数据模型，以及3个不同视角理解的三维地质建模方法，全面总结了三维地质建模技术的最新进展。提供了三维地质建模技术在矿产预测、地质灾害预警、城市地下空间规划、油气藏储层表征等领域的实践案例。最后结合当前研究现状给出了三维地质建模及相关技术的未来发展趋势。
Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling is a technology that comprehensively utilizes computer technology, spatial information, scientific visualization, mathematical statistics, and other cutting-edge technologies and methods to conduct 3D digital representation, characterization, and reconstruction of geological phenomena and processes. Its purpose is to provide a visualization platform that integrates scientific research, auxiliary design and decision support for geoscientists and geological workers to understand and utilize the essential meanings and laws hidden behind geological phenomena and processes more deeply.
Building 3D geological models of research areas based on field geological data has become a necessary task for geological research and surveys involving basic geological surveys, natural resource exploration and development, geological disaster prediction and evaluation, etc. This paper deeply discusses the research objects, data sources, spatial data models of 3D geological modeling, as well as three different perspectives for understanding 3D geological modeling methods, and comprehensively summarizes the latest progress of 3D geological modeling technology. It also provides practical cases of 3D geological modeling technology in the fields of mineral exploration, geological disaster warning, urban underground space planning, and oil and gas reservoir characterization.
Finally, based on the current research status, the future development trends of 3D geological modeling and related technologies are presented.
Figure 1.Two viewpoints of 3D geological modeling: Data-driven and geomodel-driven
图 2显式建模与隐式建模过程
Figure 2.Explicit modeling and implicit modeling processes
Figure 3.3D geological structure-attribute integrated modeling framework based on geostatistical simulation
图 4基于深度学习的三维地质建模框架
Figure 4.3D geological modeling framework based on deep learning
①～⑤. 地层；⑥. 花岗岩；⑦. 大箐东断裂；⑧. 麒麟山断裂；⑨. 芦塘坝断裂；⑩. 1号断裂；⑪. 大箐南断裂
Figure 5.Surface DTM, stratigraphy, structure, known ore bodies and other solid models and 3D prediction models in the central part of the eastern area of the Gejiu Tin Mine
a，c，e，g. 分别为地层、地表DTM、构造、已知矿体的实体模型；b，d，f，h. 分别为地层、地表DTM、构造、已知矿体的三维预测模型
图 6钟姑矿田三维成矿预测模型
1-8分别为白垩系浦口组、白垩系姑山组火山岩、侏罗系象山群、三叠系黄马青组、三叠周冲村组、二叠系、闪长岩、二长岩
Figure 6.3D mineralization prediction model of the Zhonggu ore field
Figure 7.Application of QuantyHazard system in a landslide geohazard control project in Badong County
Figure 8.3D geological model of the Outang landslide
Figure 9.Application of 3D geological modeling technology in the urban geological survey
a. 抽水前的流场；b. 抽水后的流场；c. 模型剖面展示；d. a～c图的观测位置
Figure 10.Application of 3D geological modeling technology in the urban groundwater safety assessment
Nx，Ny和Nz分别代表x，y，z方向上的尺寸
Figure 11.Workflow of delta reservoir sedimentary structures based on multiple-point geostatistics
B1～B4. 笛卡尔网格坐标系下的示例井位
Figure 12.An example of 3D reservoir simulation via GANSim-3D
Table1.Data models in 3D geological modeling