1.山东黄金集团有限公司深井开采实验室,山东 莱州 261400
2.中南大学资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
作者简介 About authors
三山岛金矿西岭矿区是我国首个进行滨海开采的金属矿区,研究埋深对该区域地应力和岩石力学性质的影响,对于滨海岩石工程开挖设计及灾害防控具有重要意义。通过对该矿区3个地质钻孔ZK88-21、ZK88-14和ZK94-2的不同埋深岩芯进行取样,获取埋深300~1 900 m范围内的岩石标准试样。采用MTS815和声发射系统测试不同埋深岩石的力学参数与不同方向的声发射Kaiser效应点,进而获得不同埋深岩石的力学参数和地应力特征。以此为基础,分析滨海矿区不同埋深地应力、岩石力学参数及其之间的相互关系。结果表明:随着埋深的增加,滨海矿区岩石力学参数、自重应力、垂直应力、最大水平应力和最小水平应力均呈近似对数函数趋势增加,垂直应力的增幅逐渐小于自重应力。岩石力学参数与地应力大致呈对数关系,最大水平应力对岩石力学参数的影响大于最小主应力。埋深对岩石抗拉强度的影响大于其对抗压强度的影响。
关键词:滨海矿区;埋深;地质钻孔;地应力;岩石力学参数;西岭矿区
Keywords:coastal mining area;buried depth;geological drilling;in-situ stress;rock mechanical parameters;Xiling mining area
本文引用格式
为此,本文以三山岛金矿西岭矿区为背景,开展不同埋深下地应力与岩石力学参数的测试,分析地应力与岩石力学参数随埋深的变化规律及其相互关系,为滨海矿区竖井开挖、矿区后期的开采设计及滨海类似深部工程建设提供指导。
图1滨海开采的工程地质现象
Fig.1Engineering geological phenomenon of coastal mining
为测试埋深对该区域岩石力学性质和地应力的影响,本文在现有勘探钻孔的基础上,选择ZK88-14 (h=1 509 m)、ZK88-21(h=1 940 m)和ZK94-2(h=1 670 m)3个钻孔作为测试钻孔,所选岩芯的埋深范围为300~1 900 m,各钻孔测试点之间的埋深间隔为100~300 m,采集岩芯的岩性均为花岗岩。考虑到海水的腐蚀性特征与深部岩石力学的重要性,钻孔深部的测试点间隔根据岩性和埋深特点进行综合确定,具体取样深度:ZK88-14钻孔为300,600,900,1 200,1 500 m;ZK88-21钻孔为300,600,900,1 200,1 500,1 800,1 900 m;ZK94-2钻孔为300,600,900,1 200,1 500,1 600 m。
图2典型地质钻孔信息与岩石试样获取过程
Fig.2Typical geological drilling information and rock specimen acquisition process
在自然条件下,当岩石受到一定程度的初始应力时,会产生相应的细微裂隙,通常认为该过程是不可逆的。加工好的岩石试件在试验机加载作用下受力,若试件受力小于其在埋藏状态下所受的力,将不产生或产生极微弱的声发射活动,若试件受力达到或超过试件在埋藏状态下所受的力,产生大量声发射活动,该临界点称为Kaiser效应突变点,其所对应的应力被认为是岩石的历史最大应力。
图3声发射信号采集与试件加载
Fig.3Acoustic emission signal acquisition and specimen loading
图4不同钻孔岩芯试样的声发射Kaiser效应突变点判断方法
(a)岩芯裂隙发育时的Kaiser效应突变点判断方法;(b)受节理裂隙影响,2次加载难以判断Kaiser效应突变点时的Kaiser效应突变点判断方法;(c)岩石Kaiser效应突变点对应的应力会接近并超过岩石单轴抗压强度时的Kaiser效应突变点判断方法
Fig.4Judgement methods of acoustic emission Kaiser effect point for different drill core specimens
表1各钻孔不同埋深测试点地应力情况
Table 1 In-situ stress at different buried depth test points of each borehole
图5垂直应力与埋深的关系
Fig.5Relationship between vertical stress and buried depth
图6最大水平主应力与埋深的关系
Fig.6Relationship between maximum horizontal principal stress and buried depth
图7最小水平主应力与埋深的关系
Fig.7Relationship between minimum horizontal principal stress and buried depth
图8不同埋深岩芯的单轴压缩应力—应变曲线
Fig.8Uniaxial compression stress-strain curves of cores at different buried depths
图9岩石的弹性模量(a)与抗压强度(b)随埋深的变化规律
Fig.9Variation law of rock elastic modulus(a) and compressive strength(b) with buried depths
表2不同埋深岩芯的力学参数
Table 2 Mechanical parameters of cores at different buried depths
图10不同埋深岩芯的拉伸应力—应变曲线
注:图例“300-1”表示样品编号,其中“300”表示埋深为300 m,其他依此类推
Fig.10Tensile stress-strain curves of cores at different buried depths
图11不同埋深岩芯的抗拉强度曲线
Fig.11Tensile strength curve of cores at different buried depths
地应力是岩体能量积累与释放的结果,岩体应力的上限必然受到岩石力学性质的限制。因此,开展不同埋深下岩石力学参数与地应力关系的研究,对于深部岩石工程的开挖设计具有重要意义。
图12地应力与岩石力学参数的关系
Fig.12Relationship among in-situ stress and rock mechanics parameters
结合工程实践与实验室测试,对埋深范围为300~1 900 m的滨海岩芯进行地应力和岩石力学参数测试分析,得出如下结论:
(1)随着埋深的增加,滨海矿区岩石的自重应力、垂直应力、最大水平地应力和最小水平地应力均随着埋深的增加呈近似对数关系增加。当到达一定深度时,岩石的垂直应力小于自重应力。
(2)统计意义上,滨海岩石力学性质与埋深呈对数关系,同一埋深岩石力学参数的离散性显著,埋深对岩石抗拉强度的影响大于其对岩石抗压强度的影响。
(3)滨海矿区地应力与岩石力学参数呈近似对数关系,最大水平主应力对岩石力学参数的影响大于最小水平主应力。
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