双小行星探测轨道动力学研究进展
北京航空航天大学宇航学院, 北京 102206
中图分类号:V412.4+1
School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
双小行星系统由在万有引力作用下彼此环绕的两颗小行星组成, 对研究太阳系起源、行星系统演化和行星防御都具有重要的价值, 近年来成为行星科学和航天动力学研究的热门对象, 对双小行星系统的原位探测也即将迎来热潮. 双小行星系统的独特构型和附近的复杂动力学环境为探测器轨道动力学和任务设计带来了全新的挑战, 为应对这些挑战所进行的研究也推动了轨道动力学基础理论的发展. 本文对双小行星探测轨道动力学的研究进展进行综述, 首先介绍了双小行星研究和探测的背景及意义, 简要阐述了双小行星系统形成理论及其附近轨道动力学的研究概况. 其次, 介绍了双小行星系统不规则引力场和相互引力势的建模方法, 进而展示了双星的姿态轨道耦合动力学, 即完全二体问题, 包括双星相对运动的平衡构型和稳定性. 接着, 介绍了描述双星附近探测器轨道运动的限制性完全三体问题的动力学模型, 以及该模型下的平动点、平动点周期轨道、大范围周期轨道、转移轨道和轨道维持等方面的研究进展. 第四部分综述了环绕双小行星系统单颗星的受摄二体问题, 以轨道摄动理论和行星系统中受摄二体问题的研究现状为背景, 介绍了环绕双小行星系统主星的半解析轨道动力学建模与轨道稳定性分析. 之后, 介绍了目前面向探测任务需求和考虑实际约束的轨道动力学研究和轨道设计. 最后, 基于目前研究进展, 分析了面临的若干问题, 对未来双小行星探测轨道动力学及相关技术的发展进行了讨论和展望.
The binary asteroid systems, consisting of two asteroids orbiting each other through the mutual gravitation, are of great significance for studying the origin of our solar system and the evolution of planetary systems, as well as for the planetary defense. Therefore, binary asteroid systems have become a hot research topic of the planetary science and astrodynamics, and several in situ exploration missions will be launched in the near future. The unique configurations and complex dynamical environments of binary asteroid systems have brought about new challenges for orbital dynamics and the mission design. The studies devoted to the new challenges have greatly promoted the development of basic theories of orbital mechanics. In this paper, we review and summarize the research progress on orbital dynamics about the binary asteroid system exploration. We first introduce the background and significance of the binary asteroid system exploration, and briefly review the formation theory and the research status of orbital dynamics about binary asteroid systems. Secondly, the modeling methods for the irregular gravity field and the mutual gravitational potential of binary asteroid systems are introduced. The coupled orbit-attitude motion of two members of the binary system, i.e., the full two-body problem, including the equilibrium configurations and their stability, is also discussed. Thirdly, the concept and applications of the restricted full three-body problem about binary asteroid systems are introduced, including the libration points and associated periodic orbits, general periodic orbits, transfer orbits, and station-keeping strategies. In the fourth part, the secular orbital evolution around one member of a binary asteroid system is focused from viewpoint of the perturbed two-body problem. The perturbation theory and applications in planetary systems are illustrated first, and then some recent research on the semi-analytical orbital model and stability analysis around the primary of a binary asteroid system is presented. Fifthly, the orbital dynamics analyses and the mission design for near future exploration missions, considering mission objectives and practical constraints, are summarized. Finally, based on the current research progress, challenges and prospects of orbital dynamics and related technologies about the binary asteroid system exploration are discussed.
图 1本文结构安排及各部分之间的关系
Figure 1.Organization of this paper and connections between different parts
图 5小行星433 Eros多面体模型
Figure 5.The polyhedron model of the asteroid 433 Eros
图 7两刚体相互引力势的几何构型
Figure 7.Geometrical representation of mutual gravitational interaction
图 10航天器(质点)在双小行星系统附近的轨道运动
Figure 10.A massless particle moving in the gravity field of a binary asteroid system
图 23系统在参数空间$(\kappa ,h_z^2)$中的分岔
Figure 23.Bifurcation lines in the parameter space$(\kappa ,h_z^2)$
图 26层级三体问题中的内问题与外问题
Figure 26.The inner and outer problem in the hierarchy three-body system
图 30J2摄动的层级椭圆型限制性三体问题下的轨道翻转
Figure 30.Orbit flip in the hierarchical elliptical restricted three-body problem with the J2 perturbation
图 33Hera探测器的双曲线飞掠轨迹设计
Figure 33.The hyperbolic fly-by trajectories design of Hera mission
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Organization of this paper and connections between different parts
The polyhedron model of the asteroid 433 Eros
Geometrical representation of mutual gravitational interaction
A massless particle moving in the gravity field of a binary asteroid system
Bifurcation lines in the parameter space$(\kappa ,h_z^2)$
The inner and outer problem in the hierarchy three-body system
Orbit flip in the hierarchical elliptical restricted three-body problem with the J2 perturbation
The hyperbolic fly-by trajectories design of Hera mission